Pros and Cons of India’s vote in the US sponsored UNHRC Resolution against Sri Lanka. Free Essays

India finally has taken a stand and voted for the US sponsored resolution at the United Nations top Human Rights Body (UNHRC). Every decision taken has its own value. So let us take a look at the Pros and Cons of India’s vote in the UNHRC Resolution against Sri Lanka along with some viable alternatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Pros and Cons of India’s vote in the US sponsored UNHRC Resolution against Sri Lanka. or any similar topic only for you Order Now The important positive aspect of the voting in favour of the resolution is that, the Government of India has finally proved that India stands alongside the Sri Lankan Tamils and they will be ‘there’ for the benefit of the people. It is a welcome stand by the Government, even though it happened after a tough political lobbying between the regional parties of Tamil Nadu. It also shows that India acts in its own show its commitment to shun violence against the unarmed civilians and for their rehabilitation. As the whole Tamil Community people were looking forward for India to act, the GoI (Government of India) did the right thing to garner their support. It may also put an end to the Zigzag diplomacy followed by the Rajapaksha’s Government (Giving a Commitment when Foreign minister of India reaches in Sri Lanka due to pressure from the Tamil Nadu politicians and when he boards the flight, commitment will be in dustbin). May be there is a minute possibility of taking Rajapaksha’s Government to the ICC (International Criminal Court) for the war crime. But what is the resolution in the UNHRC really intends to do to the Sri Lankan Government. To be frank it achieves nothing, rather it HUMILIATES Sri Lanka in the World Political Scenario. The Humiliation is thought to do wonders in the country, which has been proven wrong many a number of times (There are more than 200 resolutions passed against Israel for its action against Palestine, though no solution have been found). The resolution draft which has not been released officially by the UNHRC, is intended to contain only recommending the Government to act according to the Lessons Learnt and Reconciliation Commission (LLRC), with the coordination and active support of the member States of the UNHRC (affecting the sovereignty of the country, like eg: USA dictating India how to control Naxalism and monitoring every move made by the State forces). As India had voted in favour of the US sponsored UNHRC resolution, the whole geographical hegemony is shifting underneath India. With this vote GoI has deliberately distanced itself from Sri Lanka in the International Scenario, since Sri Lanka has always been toeing India in all major International organization, this action might ignite their passion to pursue their own interest or lean towards the ever growing Dragon Warrior (China). A mutual distrust will be created between the GoI and the Government of Sri Lanka (Even though the severity of the resolution has been diluted with active intervention of India). The Big Brother attitude of India in the South Asian region journeys in the downward swirl. India had always maintained a stature of Non Aligned Country and look to avoid any involvement in the internal affairs of other countries, but this voting pattern has severely dented that image which was carved and niched by Foreign Affairs expert Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. It leads to the questioning of the India’s commitment to the NAM (Non Aligned Movement), SAARC and other regional organizations, who look upon India as a key player in the region. China has been provided with a golden opportunity to strengthen its â€Å"String of Pearls† strategy in Sri Lanka (eg: Habantota port developed by Chinese firms) (encircling India on all the sides diplomatically and strategically). The other important aspect is that the Tamilans in the Sri Lanka are now being portrayed as Enemy of the State (due to the humiliation of the country in the world arena) by the Sinhalese people, which will lead to the increase in the rift between the various communities, rather than improving their co existence and starting of the reconstruction of the nation. Even though India had taken a stand in the issue, GoI must actively participate in the rehabilitation of the Sri Lankan Tamil People with a â€Å"Solution oriented approach†. India has already provided a helping hand in the clearing of the Land mines in the Battle field, along with the building of the houses for the Tamil People. Infrastructure development projects (railways) are being mooted in the war torn areas (Even though the essential supplies sent from India is being rotten in the godowns in Sri Lanka). India must make a dedicated approach towards the Tamil Eelam issue, rather than succumbing to the pressures of the regional parties. Since India is a heavyweight in SAARC and NAM, diplomatic channels can be opened in coherence with these regional organizations to look into the rehabilitation of Tamil people in the Tamil Eelam region. It will provide a more conducive environment to the Government of Sri Lanka the people, rather than being dictated by the high handedness of the Police of the World (USA). People are the pillars of the democracy, so the people to people contact between the various communities in Sri Lanka must be encouraged. Rajapaksha’s government must give in to the demand of the 13th amendment plus plea. This would provide the suitable platform for bringing in a federal structure in the country (dissolution of the power to the Chief Ministers as in the case of India), which is in the best interest of all the stakeholders or communities. Effective steps must be taken against the offenders who were responsible for the atrocities, set loose upon the unarmed civilians and they must be punished according to the rule of law. The one question which will always linger in the mooting of the resolution is the active role played by the USA, which dramatizes them as the champion of the Human Rights (Literally). The answer will be real simple that Uncle Sam was unable to place a firm foot in the Island nation, while the Government of Sri Lanka were fostering and nurturing their relations with countries which have been hostile with USA (Cuba, Venezuela, Iran, etc). This prompted USA to bring the Island nation to bring in order along with its favour, which has severely backfired the USA policy (the strong anti – American mood within the people). This incident outlines the incompetence in assuring that India would become a world power in the near future. If the Human Rights violation in the Sri Lanka had been taken seriously by the Government of India and intended to take action against the lax nature of the action proceeding against the offenders, GoI should have sponsored the resolution rather than backing a resolution which is sponsored by a nation which is totally alien to the Island nation, the responsibility holds up on the shoulders of India due to its geographical, ethnical, cultural and economic proximity to the country. War, would always leave a undeniable scare in the mind of the people along with the sorrows and despair, the Citizens of Sri Lankan have long been made the pawns due to the bad decision making at the time of Independence in the Island nation. Time is always a good healer. The War now over, the hatred sowed in the minds of the different communities must be weeded out and a mutual trust must be incorporated in the minds of the people, with whatever solution available. The International community must look in to the long term prospect of the building the nation to its zenith rather than involving in petty politics and gaining fame. Government of Sri Lanka must aptly remember that â€Å"United is Strength, Divided is to Fail†. Therefore the State must take any possible measure to unite the various communities in the country, even when it is to compromise on some basic ideals. Since ultimately it is for the people the Government is formed as â€Å"Democracy†. How to cite Pros and Cons of India’s vote in the US sponsored UNHRC Resolution against Sri Lanka., Papers

Love In Campus Essay Example For Students

Love In Campus Essay I havent decided which topic to dewell on until I heard of a story, the same story that happened again between my classmates this term. Another pair of boyfriend and girlfriend had said goodbye to each other, leaving only the good memories of the sweet past and a miserable future in front. Someone once told me there are no rights or wrongs in love after he was turned down by a girl. However, he ended up his comment with I dont believe there is true love in campus now, which surprised me most. Another boy, who is one of my best friends, after bidding farwell to his girlfriend, said he still loved the girl so much although it was her who wanted to leave him, which also made me deeply impressed. Although I have witnessed or have heard of many sotories about the love in campus, most of which were ended with tear,sadness and misery, I still firmly believe that there is true love in campus.It may come from a slight trembling in the heart, it may stem from appreciations between good friends and it may have made its way from a pure-hearted talk on a certain occasion, but it does exist and it will not die out as long as human beings remain as emotional creatures. There are many reasons for university students try to find a girl friend or a boy friend.Some want to prove their attractiveness while many of them want to get rid of the loneliness and fastidium of the campus life, still some others just want to have a try on everything including love, but among them, there are people who have really found the resonance of their hearts, and the harmony of their minds between the two of them. And there are people who have devoted themselves into loving each other without demanding return. Love means not ever having to say you are sorry,because love only calls for bona fides, for the true feelings between the two, and understandings of the two under any circumstances. Devotions to love help build a ever-lasting and unfaded love in spite of time, distances and misunderstandings. Many people regard love in campus is immature and somehow childish. But first love is true love, which is as pure as a piece of crystal and as immaculate as a fine blue sky.And its not sophiscated compared with the love outside the ivory tower mixed with money, fame and puissance, which has lost its essence during the hybird with so many factors. There does exist real love in campus, which is becoming more and more scarce nowdays.We have to seek for it ourselves using our hearts and true feelings. When we are experiencing one, cherish it and devote into it no matter what the result may be in the future. Remember there is true love in campus and one day you may discover it. For those who have already in love with someone, just love the one you are  loving and dont leave any regret when looking back into the campus life one day.

Qualification Handbook free essay sample

Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) October 2011 Version 1. 0 Qualification at a glance Subject area City Guilds number Age group approved Entry requirements Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector 6302 19+ There are no formal entry requirements. Learners are required to have evidence of level 3 vocational skills for the area in which they will teach if they are to progress into teaching in the Lifelong Learning Sector (LLS) This qualification is available at levels 3 and 4. Both levels are to be assessed by a combination of assignments (provided) and observation of teaching/training. Simulation (micro-teaching) is permitted for units 003 and 010. Available (see section 2 Centre requirements) Signature Signature Signature Signature 60 City Guilds Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) Form 2 Assessment front sheet and feedback record PTLLS Level 3/4 This form is mandatory Theory Assessment No: Learner name: Enrolment number: Date issued: Date submitted: I confirm that the evidence for this unit is authentic and a true representation of my own work. We will write a custom essay sample on Qualification Handbook or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Learner signature: Date: Feedback: Continue on a separate sheet if necessary, see overleaf Tutor/Assessor/Marker and IQA’s signatures (IQA if sampled) must be appear on the following page. City Guilds Level 3 and 4 Awards in Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong Learning Sector (PTLLS) (6302) 61 Feedback: (Continued from previous page) Marker/Tutor/Assessor name: Resubmission date (if referred): IQA’s name (if sampled) Grade Grade Date Date Date 62

Personal philosophy of leadership Essay Example

Personal philosophy of leadership Essay Example Personal philosophy of leadership Essay Personal philosophy of leadership Essay Leadership Leadership is the ability of one to steer others ; it is based on 1s abilities and qualities instead than accomplishments. One is born with these built-in qualities and of course leads others ; these qualities are such as honestness, bravery, assurance, finding and wisdom among others. A leader is different from a director, while a leader is born with the qualities a trough is created from accomplishments he acquires. The leader can go a trough while a trough is non needfully a leader. The leader is seen as a individual in charge they are consulted for they ability to do determinations and steer the class of events. While this may be true the leader is besides a retainer, a good leader s intent is to function those who he has been bestowed upon the duty of steering. This may look absurd but looking at leading from a critical point of position one is able to understand the immense duty on their shoulders as they are frequently looked upon. The place of leading is either bestowed upon them or it comes of course, when a faced by a certain determination a leader in a group will emerge without being appointed. Leadership is so called upon to be based on moralss. The ground for this is that leading in today s universe is under changeless examination, everyone is watching the actions of the leader they make remarks and base on balls judgement. The leading place is no longer a august place, it is one idea respected is non exempted from the society s examination. A good leader is one who involves those he leads in the every determination devising and activities of this group. The leading function should besides promote the followings to a higher and better place. Leadership is meant improve the persons, a leader that leads those he leads into devastation or ruin is non an ethical leader. Ethically there are recognized behavioural facets that are expected of a leader, the leader is non supposed to mistreat the powers bestowed to him. They should non bewray the trust and trueness empowered to them by others, they are supposed to be consistent, should non stash privileges and more so they should accept duty. These are the ethical facets of leading expected by the society. Personal Leadership Competence Leadership theories have been in usage to assist depict leading. The transformational leading theory is based upon the ethical attack, where both the leader and followings are engaged in a combined attempt to raise each other. Transformational leaders raise the criterions by being good illustrations to their followings. The procedure or transactional leader whose concern the creative activity of constructions that he expects the followings to adhere to, of they do he honor them. The transformational leader promotes societal values and encourages his followings. Leadership development is non merely restricted to troughs and leaders but can be utile to employees who are seeking to foster their accomplishments in leading. In order for one to efficaciously develop their leading accomplishments, they need to develop a program. This is guided by leading competency accomplishments. The first measure to accomplishing a personal leading program is the designation of ends. In order for me to accomplish a healthcare leading competency in the twenty-first century, the first measure is to finish the maestro plan in wellness information sciences. This preparation is meant to give me accomplishments in the information sector that are necessary in the field of wellness. The usage and application of computing machines, information engineering in the health care sector necessitates the acquisition of wellness information sciences. This will be acquired in the procedure of preparation and work experience as a nurse. Then I must entree proficiency. The following measure in my leading development program is the designation of larning experiences. As a nurse I need to develop a acquisition contract with my immediate supervisor. This measure is necessary as it gives me hands on experience and larning chances in the work environment. The supervisor is at that place to give counsel, work experiences and a usher in the acquisition procedure in the work topographic point. This interaction besides assists one in the geting of leading accomplishments particularly when a supervisor assigns one an assignment. In the acquisition procedure I should acquire a wise man in the field of nursing. This wise man is an authorization in the country in which I am interested in. the intents of wise mans are to help the scholar in the acquisition procedure, they are both friends and leaders to the leaner. A wise man should be able to help the scholar in their pursuit for cognition, give those resources, and practical experience every bit good as the exposure they require. During this learning procedure, to get the necessary leading accomplishments, as a possible nursing manager, I should prosecute in some cross preparation plan. The intent of which is to get theoretical cognition in the field of involvement. Programs such as these may affect workshops, or seminars organized in the work topographic point. Volunteering for responsibility is one other certain manner of accruing leading accomplishments. Catching the chance to make full in the place of a supervisor or staff that is off will expose one to the day-to-day duties. It is during these cases that one is good cognizant of their qualities as a leader, their defects and strengths because this chances offer one the opportunity to exert their cognition. Filling in the place of a senior nurse even for one twenty-four hours is a fulfilling exercising ; it even exposes one to the direction. An of import acquisition pattern is that of fall ining outside professional organisations. Either as a trainee, a portion clip worker or a voluntary the intent once more is larning, acquiring a feel of the leading skill outside your workplace, deriving penetrations into how other organisations work. While larning can be obtained within the organisations workshops and preparation plans, but it is besides good to obtain enfranchisements from other establishments of larning in the medical field. Short classs offered add value to an person every bit good as preparation in the relevant field. With today s of all time altering market, establishments of higher acquisition are developing short classs to developing professionals. A nurse can happen these classs useful if they intend to foster their calling. These classs are besides flexible in footings of clip, eventide, weekends vacations or even on-line and correspondence. It is of import to seek out on-line ego trial plans ; these are meant to supply an person with an chance to self evaluate themselves. Apart from these on-line plans, there are books and tapes available on the self trial. Upon completion of the acquisition experiences it is necessary to hold a developmental program. This program should detail the continuance of clip, specific aims and ends to be achieved. The developmental program should imply the acquisition experiences. The wise man, the short courses one intends to go to. Organizations that one is go toing should integrate self test, this show besides province the consequences of the trial. The strengths and failings of the person, s a nurse the developmental program should hold the short and long term ends. The program of finishing wellness information sciences class, the stairss intended to accomplish accomplishments in order to be a nurse manager. Strategic planning should be involved in the developmental planning phase ; this involves the vision statement of the individual. The vision here is to a nurse manager ; fundamentally the vision is based on the long term ends. Strategic planning besides consists of the mission, a personal mission inside informations the specific aims and how they plan to accomplish them. By finishing a class in information sciences wellness and developing programs to accomplish leading preparation I am good on the manner of going a nurse manager. After planning, it is of import to finish the acquisition experiences. These experiences were set in the clip frame of the development program. As one attains the acquisition experiences it is of import to measure the advancement. Appraisal can be carried out during the experience or on completion of the experience. Continual appraisal is advised since one can set cheques in topographic point as they undergo the acquisition procedure. Continuous appraisal is supposed to help in doing certain that the ends are being fulfilled. It is during this appraisal periods that one can integrate short term ends in the maestro program. The short term ends are like cheque shapers in a program, holding achieved a certain short term end one is so able to travel to the following acquisition activity. Plans besides change during these uninterrupted appraisals, this is in a instance where it is found that the program was non accomplishing the long term aim. Apart from uninterrupted appraisals one can t ransport out an appraisal at the terminal of the exercising. This is at the terminal of the plan, this is meant to measure the success of the plan, and whether on vitamin E was able to accomplish the ends set out. If this was non done so one goes back to the first measure and place new ends. The appraisal should clearly give a usher where a measure went incorrect. In drumhead a leader is the decisive factor in the organisation and society at big. Leadership should be based on 1s abilities and qualities instead than accomplishments. One is born with these built-in qualities and of course leads others ; these qualities are such as honestness, bravery, assurance, finding and wisdom among others. A leader should be really different from a director, while a leader is born with the qualities a trough is created from accomplishments he acquires. The leader can go a trough while a trough is non needfully a leader. The leader is seen as a individual in charge they are consulted for they ability to do determinations and steer the class of events. While this may be true the leader is besides a retainer, a good leader s intent is to function those who he has been bestowed upon the duty of steering. The development of an person to a leader should be based on self motive. By achieving leading accomplishments one should be able to efficaciously mange and his equals. Personal leading accomplishments are meant for ego betterment, they assist one in the workplace and his calling aims. Work cited Cromwell, S. and Kolb, J, An scrutiny of work-environment support factors impacting transportation of supervisory accomplishments developing to the work topographic point. Human Resource Development Quarterly,2004 Vol. 15 No. 4, pp. 449-71. Carter, N. Leadership Development Planning. Retrieved 1st May 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //managementhelp.org/ldr_dev/ldr_dev.htm Baldwin, T. and Ford, K. ( 1988 ) , Transfer Of Training: A Review And Directions For Future Research.Personnel Psychology, Spring, Vol. 41 Issue 1, p63-105 Brinkmann, T. How to Make a Personal Leadership Development Plan. 2007 Retrieved May 1, 2010, fromhttp: //ezinearticles.com/ ? How- to- Create- a- Personal- Leadership- Development- Plan A ; id=803557 Kendra, C.Leadership Theories 8 Major LeadershipTheories retrieved 1st May 2010, hypertext transfer protocol: //psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm NSS. Scotland. Delivery Through Leadership: Leadership Development Plan. Scottish Executive, Edinburgh 2005 Stephen, R. , Bruce, M. and Terry, W.M. , Organizational Behavior. Published by Prentice Hall, 4th erectile dysfunction.

Oldest President of the United States

Oldest President of the United States Who do you think is the oldest president in United States history? The oldest president in office was Ronald Reagan, but the oldest to become president is  Donald Trump. Trump has Reagan beat by nearly 8 months, entering office at the age of 70 years, 220 days. Reagan took his first oath of office at the age of 69 years, 349 days. Perspective on Presidential Age Few Americans who were adults during the Reagan administration can forget how much the Presidents age was discussed in the media, particularly during the latter years of his second term in office. But was Reagan really that much  older than all the other presidents? It depends on how you look at the question. When he entered office, Reagan was less than two  years older than William Henry Harrison, four years older than James Buchanan,  and five years older than George H.W. Bush, who succeeded Reagan as President. However, the gaps grow wider when you look at the respective ages when these presidents left office. Reagan was a two-term president and left office at the age of 77. Harrison served only 1 month in office, and both Buchanan and and Bush served only a single full term. All the Presidents Ages   Here are the ages of all of the U.S. presidents at the time of their inauguration, listed from oldest to youngest. Grover Cleveland, who served two non-sequential terms, is listed only once.  Ã‚   Donald Trump (70 years, 7 months, 7 days)Ronald Reagan  (69 years, 11 months, 14 days)William H. Harrison  (68 years, 0 months, 23 days)James Buchanan  (65 years, 10 months, 9 days)George H. W. Bush  (64 years, 7 months, 8 days)Zachary Taylor  (64 years, 3 months, 8 days)Dwight D. Eisenhower  (62 years, 3 months, 6 days)Andrew Jackson  (61 years, 11 months, 17 days)John Adams  (61 years, 4 months, 4 days)Gerald R. Ford  (61 years, 0 months, 26 days)Harry S. Truman  (60 years, 11 months, 4 days)James Monroe  (58 years 10 months, 4 days)James Madison  (57 years, 11 months, 16 days)Thomas Jefferson  (57 years, 10 months, 19 days)John Quincy Adams  (57 years, 7 months, 21 days)George Washington  (57 years, 2 months, 8 days)Andrew Johnson  (56 years, 3 months, 17 days)Woodrow Wilson  (56 years, 2 months, 4 days)Richard M. Nixon  (56 years, 0 months, 11 days)Benjamin Harrison  (55 years, 6 months, 12 days)Warren G. Harding  (55 years, 4 months, 2 day s)Lyndon B. Johnson  (55 years, 2 months, 26 days)Herbert Hoover  (54 years, 6 months, 22 days) George W. Bush  (54 years, 6 months, 14 days)Rutherford B. Hayes  (54 years, 5 months, 0 days)Martin Van Buren  (54 years, 2 months, 27 days)William McKinley  (54 years, 1 month, 4 days)Jimmy Carter  (52 years, 3 months, 19 days)Abraham Lincoln  (52 years, 0 months, 20 days)Chester A. Arthur  (51 years, 11 months, 14 days)William H. Taft  (51 years, 5 months, 17 days)Franklin D. Roosevelt  (51 years, 1 month, 4 days)Calvin Coolidge  (51 years, 0 months, 29 days)John Tyler  (51 years, 0 months, 6 days)Millard Fillmore  (50 years, 6 months, 2 days)James K. Polk  (49 years, 4 months, 2 days)James A. Garfield  (49 years, 3 months, 13 days)Franklin Pierce  (48 years, 3 months, 9 days)Grover Cleveland  (47 years, 11 months, 14 days)Barack Obama  (47 years, 5 months, 16 days)Ulysses S. Grant  (46 years, 10 months, 5 days)Bill Clinton  (46 years, 5 months, 1 day)John F. Kennedy  (43 years, 7 months, 22 days)Theodore Roosevelt  (42 years, 10 months, 1 8 days) Learn more about the US Presidents Which presidents were elected without winning the popular vote?How many American presidents were assassinated?Who was the youngest president of the United States?How many presidents died while serving in office?

Portfolio Maternal & Peadiatric Care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio Maternal & Peadiatric Care - Essay Example Thus, the interviewer should determine that they understand the attitude of the individual they will interview before they are brought into the room. The woman's rejection of an interpreter is the first mistake that was made while conducting the interview. All patients are not fluent in the English language. It is necessary to use a professional interpreter because it can allow a safe and effective interview to be conducted instead of a confusing and frustrating one (NSW Health Department). Often enough, individuals feel no need for an interpreter because they are embarrassed or feel their personal information will not be respected. To maintain their privacy they reject the idea of an interpreter. Under these circumstances the interviewer should convince the patient that their information will be kept confidential. They should also be reassured that the interpreter will be most useful, not only because they are aware of the terminology required to explain the situation but because they are also bound to present the facts exactly as they are: accurately and full. The presence of a male child and his behavior should have immediately warned the interviewer to the lack of professionalism with which the interview might be conducted.

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant Essay

Music From 1750- to the present-broad out line of the most significant - Essay Example Perhaps the backbone of music is the classical music tradition. Georg Mathhias Monn was an 18th century Vienna composer. His great contribution to the evolution of music was through the introduction of the secondary theme in the symphony. Monn was influenced by the Baroque style of Bach, but advanced this style to a more looser and graceful sound. His work on ‘Symphony in B major’ reflects this looser style, as well as containing a secondary theme. Ludwig van Beethoven’s Symphony #9 in D Minor, Opus 125 is a piece from most of the most renowned symphonies in the Western tradition. The symphony is in part such a revolutionary contribution to music, not simply because of its powerful and virtuosic content, but also because it represents one of the first instances of voices in a symphony. In terms of thematic content, Beethoven had a number of aristocratic patrons that ensure his artistic productions could be achieved to full completion. Franz Schubert was a 19th cen tury Romantic composer. Despite his early death at 31 his influence has lived on through a number of later composers and in the gradual adoption of Romantic principles. Schubert’s work on Erlkonig is highly influential as it aids in the early development of these Romantic tendencies, as well as the adoption symphonic poetry within the classical music context. In addition to traditional classical composers, there are a great number of amateur and otherwise marginalized songwriters. Louis Moreau Gottschalk was a nineteenth century American composer. He constructed a great number of Romantic piano works and was recognized as virtuoso performer. His composition ‘The Banjo: Fantasie grotesque, Opus 15’ falls within this category. ... The song is a light-hearted piano melody that one can argue is one of the forerunners of 20th century developments in popular music, with its naive and fun tone. Amy Beach was a 19th and 20th century American female pianist. Her composition ‘Gaelic Symphony: Movement 2’ is highly relevant to the history of music for its virtuosity and content; however, perhaps Beach’s greatest contribution was through breaking gender barriers in an field that until this point has been largely male dominated. Stephen Collins Foster was 19th century American songwriter. He is referred to as the father of American music. His song ‘De Camtown Races’ is highly important as it establishes forms of music that would later influence 20th century singers and songwriters. In terms of influence, the track was heavily influence from black minstrels that were popular at the time. Francis Johnson was a 19th century African American composer based in the United States. During this ti me African American composers were highly rare. Similar to Beach, Johnson continues the theme of marginalized individuals breaking into an oppressive industry. His song ‘The Grave of the Slave’ is notable for its simple yet beautiful melody. It’s clear Johnson was influenced by African minstrels and European and American classical influences. William Billings was an American choral composer during the 18th century. He is widely recognized as being the progenitor of American choral music. His songs were all written for four-part chorus and intended to be sang acapella. His composition ‘Wake Ev’ry Breath: A Canon of 6 in One with a Ground† falls directly into these categorical articulations. The choral composition is clearly influenced by similar spiritual compositions in the European tradition.